Arab Nation’s Position Towards Israel - 1500 Words

Arab Nation’s Position Towards Israel The Arab nations in the middle east have for the most part of Israel’s existence been hostile. Arab nations share a tie with the Palestinians who believe they belong to the land on which Israel sits and the Arab nations have supported them in most cases. The Arab nation’s hostile position towards Israel continued through the War of Independence, the Sinai-Suez War, the Six Day War, the War of Attrition, and the Yom Kippur War. After the Arab nation’s long stint of hostility, the tides started to change and some arab nations, especially Egypt, started to consider making amends with Israel. First of all, before the creation of Israel the Arab nations always supported the Arabs who lived in Palestine†¦show more content†¦The significance is that at this time the Arab nations and Israel were making no strides towards peace in the middle east. However, leading up to the Sinai-Suez war Egypt showed signs of wanting peace with Israel. For example, reports found that in 1953 â€Å"the Egyptians ‘expressed a willingness to reach a secret agreement with Israel† which would include the permission of Israeli ships through the Suez canal (Tessler 339.) This shows that Egypt was not always absolutely against peace in the early stages of Jewish state. However, these Egypt tries for peace did not succeed. The recurring conflict between Israel and Egypt as well as raids coming in from Jordan eventually led to the Sinai-Suez war of 1954. During the war Gamal Nasser made defense agreements with the other Arab nations such as Syria, Saudi Arabia and Yemen (Tessler 347.) This shows the Arab nations were working together against the state of Israel once again. However, Israel and its allies of France and Britain easily won the war and left Egypt feeling humiliatingly defeated (Tessler 349.) The war again weakened the relations between Israel and the Arab nations, showed that Israel had become a force to be reckoned with, and forced the Arab states to act more carefully when takingShow MoreRelatedThe Dual Legacies Of Discrimination Against Ethnic Minorities And The Country s Uneven Economic Development1301 Words   |  6 Pageslegacies of discrimination against ethnic minorities and the country’s uneven economic development have created strong support in non-Persian areas for political reform. During recent presidential elections, the non-Persian electorate tilted heavily toward the reformist wing. Support for democratic political change among Iran’s ethnic minorities is likely to persist so long as the country’s periphery remains an economic backwater. Although the Iranian economy has been growing, the symptoms of underdevelopmentRead MoreAssess the Short Term Significance of the Suez War of 19562228 Words   |  9 Pagessignificance in many aspects. 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Public Health And Health Care Essay - 1664 Words

Public health preparedness ascribes to the ability of a health care provider to deal with the health consequences caused by emergencies. Over the past few years, public health threats have been on the rise, ranging from accidental and natural threats to intentional threats like acts of terror (Bernstein, 2013). For instance, since September 11, 2001 and the anthrax attacks efforts have been made by both the federal government and health care providers to increase the nation’s ability to prepare and respond to public health emergencies. Basically, a situation is considered to be emergent if it overwhelms the routine capabilities of a health care facility to deal with its consequences across scenarios (Gibson, Theadore Jellison, 2012). Nonetheless, being prepared to avert, respond to, as well as rapidly recover from possible public health threats is indeed critical for the protection and security our nation’s public health. Although the federal government has invested over $5 billion to improve health care preparedness in government healthcare organizations since the 9/11 attack, it’s not clear whether such an investment has rendered the country’s health care system better-prepared to deal with large-scale public health emergencies (Gibson et al., 2012). However, it’s important to point out the fact that the leaders of full-service government healthcare organizations have a major role to play when it comes to public health preparedness, for instance, as the Vice President ofShow MoreRelatedPublic Health And Health Care Essay2086 Words   |  9 PagesPublic health is health care that is provided to improve the health of all individuals within a community and population. Public health die ticians are health care professionals who acquire knowledge on the effects that food and nutrition have on our health and well-being. 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NAFTA Canadas ; Mexicos Viewpoints Essay Example For Students

NAFTA: Canadas ; Mexicos Viewpoints Essay NAFTA: Canadas ; Mexicos ViewpointsWhen the Canada/U.S. free trade agreement came into effect, theMexicans were very impressed by the provision and opportunities that opened forboth sides. Mexico then approached the U.S., seeking to form a similaragreement with them. This brought forth a new issue in Canada, should they letMexico and the U.S. form an agreement without them? Or should they participate,thus transforming their deal with the U.S. into a trilateral agreement includingMexico. On June 12, 1991, the trade ministers of Canada, the United States andMexico met in Toronto to open negotiations for a North American Free TradeAgreement (NAFTA). This was an historic occasion. For the first time ever, adeveloping country agreed to sit down with two industrial countries to craft anagreement that would open its economy to full competition with the other twocountries. If successful, the agreement promised to make the whole NorthAmerican continent into one economic zone and set an important precedent fortrade and economic cooperation between the wealthy countries of the North andless developed countries of the South. The challenge before them was bothexciting and daunting. A little more than a year later, the three trade ministers met again inWashington, to put the finishing touches on a new North American Free TradeAgreement. In just over a year the negotiators from the three countries hadsuccessfully met the challenge and put together a new trading frame work forNorth America. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was set to beimplied. The North American Free Trade Agreement often raises questions regardingthe new economic trading blocs around the world.The twelve-nation EuropeanCommunity (EC), a Central American free trade zone, and a four-nation SouthAmerican group, as well as preliminary discussions regarding an Asian tradingbloc, all point to the fact that new economic realities already exist. NAFTApromises to have a major impact on the people in all three nations. There willobviously be short-term costs of adjustment, which will certainly hit someindustries, regions, and workers harder than others. There will be definitewinners in the agreement, and definite losers in the agreement. There evenmight be disputes. Whether as workers, investors, consumers, or ordinarycitizens in all three countries they may be affected. The final verdict on theNorth American Free Trade Agreement, may in fact not fully be realized for manyweeks, months, or even years. However, in the following essay, the advantagesto both Mexico an d Canada will be analyzed, as well as the disadvantages toMexico. It is safe to say that the advantages clearly outweigh thedisadvantages, and that it will in fact be beneficial for both countries to beinvolved in this unique deal. *** Benefits to CanadaCanadas goals in the negotiation of NAFTA were very simple. They wanted toimprove their access for their goods and services to Mexico and the UnitedStates. Canada wanted to guarantee their position as a prime location forinvestors seeking to serve all of North America. The NAFTA deal has realizedthese objectives set by Canada and will supply Canada with a new and sharperedge to their international competitiveness. The agreement has set a path forCanada widening their trade horizons, while also giving them a bigger stage onwhich to demonstrate their economic expertise and leadership. An advantage for Canada is that the reduction of Mexican barriers will providenew markets and opportunities for Canadian goods and services. Canadian firmswill be able to participate in, and expand sales in, sectors that werepreviously highly restricted, such as autos, financial services, trucking,energy and fisheries. Mexican tariffs and import licensing requirements will beeliminated, some immediately and others over 5 to 10 years, providing barrierfree access to 85 million consumers. The North American Free Trade Agreement covers virtually every field of businessin Canada. NAFTA provides many provisions as well as both real and potentialadvantages to Canadians in all most all places in the work place. Agriculture products play a significant role in Canadas exports to othercountries. Canadas excellent and fertile farming land has produced many greatresults. A very superior livestock and excellent crops have contributed to aproductive and prosperous trade of their agricultural products and servicesaround the world. Canadas total exports surpasses $13 billion a year. UnderNAFTA Canada and Mexico have worked out a separate agreement between themselves. Over all Canadian exports will enjoy immediate access to the Mexican marketunder the deal. Mexican import licenses on wheat, barley and table potatoeswill be eliminated over a period of time. Also tariffs on lentils, honey, driedpeas, millet, raspberries, rye and buckwheat will be dropped. All these itemsare important crops to Canadian farmers and with these costs cut they will enjoya greater profit and more trade. NAFTA also opens up great opportunities forlivestock farmers. Because Mexico lacks an adequate fresh water supply theirlivestock operations arent very big. Therefore Mexico must rely on importsfrom Canada. NAFTA helps Canadian farmers and farm related businesses to a muchgreater ease to an ever growing market that will benefit them in the future. There are well over 140 000 Canadians employed in the auto manufacturingindustry. As well, approximately 32 per cent of Canadas manufacturing exportsis directly related to the auto industry. The Mexican market however, is highlyrestricted, while 95 per cent of Mexican automotive imports enter Canadacompletely duty free. NAFTA addresses this imbalance, and more importantlycorrects it. By the year 2003, Canada will have open access to the fastestgrowing automotive market in North America. Canadas service industry is the fastest growing sector of its economy. Morethan nine million Canadians, which is about two thirds of their work force areemployed by the service sector. Cross border trade in services was dealt withfor the first time in the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. The NAFTA deal hasincluded provisions for this type of trade and spells out procedures aimed atencouraging the recognition of licenses and certificates through the developmentof mutually acceptable professional standards and criteria such as education,experience and professional development. Under NAFTA a temporary entry acrossthe border will be available for about 60 professions. Oceanographers,geographers and statisticians are three groups who can benefit from the NAFTAagreement. When Canada was negotiating NAFTA one of their key objectives was to maintainthe Free Trade Agreement rules with the U.S. with respect to energy trade. Canada wanted to ensure that rules for investment, service and procurementaffecting the energy and petrochemical sectors in Mexico provided the sameopportunities for Canadian business as previously enjoyed in the U.S.NAFTAcontributed to the removal of many investment and trade restrictions onpetrochemicals. New opportunities will open up for Canadian business in privatepower generation. Also, Canadian businesses will be able to bid for service anddrilling contracts with the Mexican state owned company Petroleos Mexicanos(PEMEX). The manufacturers of equipment that relates to the industry will alsohave easier access to the Mexican market. More than 500 000 Canadians are employed in the four pillars of the financialindustry. These pillars consist of banking, insurance, securities firms andtrust companies. Mexicos financial markets have opened up for Canada due tothe NAFTA deal. Canadian banking, insurance, and security firms will be ableto operate wholly owned subsidies that will allow Canadian businesses to servicetheir clients throughout the NAFTA region.Canadas financial sector, whichis already strong and hearty, will realize new opportunities under NAFTA thatwill allow it to further expand and flourish. Canadas financial institutionshave a lot to offer Mexico. Canadas strength, such as its technological know-how and its experience in operating large, integrated banking networks, areareas in which Mexico needs immediate and consistent strategic advice. An Unexpected Gift Essaywould be the number one supplier, however Mexico is very proud of what theyaccomplished. They selected a niche in the American market and acted upon it. They started supplying smaller refrigerators to offices, businesses and collegesof dorms. By specializing in this one niche, a small Mexican firm can reactquickly and efficiently to changing tastes, technologies, and trends. Allowingthe firms to stay competitive in a ever growing market. Surprisingly, with NAFTA in place a lot of niches like the one mentionedabove will open up around North America. The typical Mexican consumer is a lotdifferent than the Canadian consumer in a lot of respects. In Canada there arenumerous niches based on income levels, taste, and culture. NAFTA will givefirms in Mexico a greater margin of competitiveness than they are alreadyenjoying. The fourth element, and arguably the most important one, is the abilityto have a wide choice of technologies. It is for this element that the lessonslearned from Japan come into effect. People often believe that the reason forJapans great competitiveness is the quality of Japans work force, and theattitude of Japanese management. Although this is all true, what is oftenoverlooked is that 35 per cent of Japans exports are made through productionsharing. In other words, Japan is taking advantage of a wide range oftechnologies. The whole concept to this is very simple. If a job is labor-intensive, a firm should have access to adequate labor. If, on the other hand,a job is capital-intensive, a firm should have access to capital. Finally, the fifth condition for competitiveness is to have available arange of services at a reasonable cost. In a modern economy we have torecognize the importance of services, like transportation, telecommunications,and financial services. In a second world country like Mexico, these servicesstill carry a very high cost, which puts Mexico at a competitive disadvantage. But NAFTA will have to play a dramatic role in lowering the cost of servicesbecause it achieves the most comprehensive opening of the services market of anytrade agreement. One example of the availability of services as a result ofNAFTA is, that it opens land transportation throughout the entire region. Priorto the deal if certain cargo had to go from Mexico to Canada, it would have totravel to the border, then sit there while the cargo was re-loaded onto aCanadian or American truck, then shipped to Canada. The Mexican merchant whohad to ship the cargo is thus placed at a competitive disadvantage. Now, undernew NAFTA rules, that truck is able to go directly from the Mexican plant,straight to its final destination, thus saving both money and time. A second example is in the area of telecommunications, such as phones,faxes, and other information services. This is most definitely becoming moreand more important in the production process of modern society, and NAFTA opensthe North American market in this area as well. This will make industries morecompetitive by providing reasonable priced and reliable communications. A very important issue that is always featured in the NAFTA debate isthe environment. Developed countries like Canada often take for granted, thatenvironmental protection requires considerable economic resources. A PrincetonUniversity study confirmed that, When a country is very poor, there is nopollution because there is no industry. As a countrys industry grows and itsper capita income begins to rise, environmental degradation comes into effect.True, this has been the recent history in Mexico, However, a country ultimatelyreaches the turning point, where it has grown to the level where it has theresources to devote to environmental protection. As well, the agreement itselfcontains many environmental provisions. It is often called the Greenestmultilateral trade agreement ever negotiated. NAFTA specifically prohibits anyof the three countries involved from loosening environmental rules in order toattract new investments. *** Mexicos Disadvantages:NAFTA will simply compound the ills created by the administrationspolicy of monopolistic free trade.In the short run the U.S. and Canada wouldhardly feel any effect, while Mexico would face great disruptions as a result ofopening its borders. This is because of the small size of the Mexican economywould barely create a crease in the economies of its northern neighbours. Theproblem is that unemployment may soar in Mexico because of the large inflow ofmanufacturers from its new trading partners.Indeed, Mexicos economy couldcollapse. In fact, in the last two years the number of unemployed in Mexico hasincreased by more than 1.1 million, while salaries have lost more than 41.6% oftheir dollar value. In 1993, 8.5% of the economically active population ofMexico earned less than the minimum salary; today 11.9 percent find themselvesin the very same position. Much like East Germany, Mexico suffers from backward technology andinefficient, bloated state monopolies. The trauma of exposure to giant northernfirms could be fatal to Mexican manufacturing.NAFTA proposes to open Mexicanmarkets to Canada and the U.S. gradually, thus constraining the foreignonslaught, however, the short run suffering that Mexico would endure would bemassive. Especially since Mexico which has been buried in a deep slump since1982, will not, unlike East Germany, receive huge financial aid. The biggest disadvantage incurred on Mexico as a direct result of thedeal is the amount of money and capitol needed to be spent on up grading theirtelecommunications, equipment in the workplace, as well as their transportationroutes. This needs to be do done in order to become competitive in the NorthAmerican Market. This however, may not be viewed upon as a benefit, fore it isgoing to increase its productivity in the global market. What ever short termdisadvantages are induce due to the deal, will eventually be nullified over thelong run. ***Mexicos role in the North American Free Trade Agreement, looks to be agreat step in their countrys potentially great future. For Mexico to stay withNAFTA they have to continue the dramatic turnaround their country hasexperienced in the past decade. The economy in Mexico is growing faster thantheir population, and with NAFTA they could only expect better things to cometheir way. Inflation is under control, foreign debt has been reduced, more than1,000 state owned industries have been privatized. Mexico is finally showing afiscal surplus for the first time in a quarter of a century. With NAFTA it willhelp Mexico consolidate these economic reforms, secure the confidence of theworlds investors and allow Mexicos economic turnaround to continue for manymore years. Economic integration initiatives like NAFTA offer positive benefits toCanada and to other trade partners. They promote efficiency of scale, eliminateexpensive and time consuming trade restrictions between nations, and discouragegovernment intervention. NAFTA in particular is in tune with the twinimperatives of globalization and global development. It embodies the historicallogic of earlier movements toward Canada/U.S. economic alliances.True, thedeal is not perfect, but to retreat from it now would be a step backwards. In conclusion, we feel that when all the pros and cons have been weighed,and all has been said and done, NAFTA will eventually become a positive step inNorth Americas future. Business

Extra Sensory Perception Essays (1344 words) - Parapsychology

Extra Sensory Perception Have you ever had the feeling that you've been in an establishment before you've actually gone inside? Did you ever feel like you've known that something was about to happen before there were any signs that it was about to occur? If you're not a skeptic about the powers of the mind, then there might just be an explanation for your seemingly coincidental premonitions. It's a phenomenon called extra sensory perception, better known as ESP. The textbook definition of this classification of parapsychology is "sensing" anything beyond the normal.(www.paranormalatoz.com) Most scientists do not believe that this phenomenon exists. Nevertheless, controversial evidence can be used to sway the incredulous. By viewing and researching evidence of ESP and/or having a personal experience, the truth lies within the eye of the beholder. The man who said it best was C.G. Jung during a lecture given to the Society for Psychical Research in 1919. He quotes, "I shall not commit the fashionable stupidity of regarding everything I cannot explain as a fraud." (http://moebius.psy) ESP includes telepathy, precognition or premonition, and clairvoyance or "remote viewing".(www.paranormalatoz.com) Telepathy is the direct response to another individual's thoughts.(Schmeidler,805) Premonition is a direct response to a future event.(Schmeidler,805) Clairvoyance is the direct response to a future event.(Schmeidler,805) These types of ESP and other forms of parapsychology were not even studied until 1882.(Schmeidler,806) In 1882, the Society for Psychical Research was established in London , England by a extraordinary group of Cambridge scholars. Its purpose was to examine allegedly paranormal phenomena in a scientific and unbiased way. It was the first society of its kind in the world. (http://moebius.psy) This society is still in full operation today, 117 years later. The actual term extra sensory perception wasn't used until the early 1930's. During this time an American scientist, Joseph Banks Rhine first began his ground breaking experiments testing ESP's validity.(Encarta) His research was conducted at the Parapsychology Laboratory of North Carolina's, Duke University.(Encarta) Rhine's most well-known experiment involved a deck of twenty-five cards. On the cards, written in heavy black ink, each card had a different design on them. The designs included a star, a cross, a square, or wavy lines.(Encarta) The concealed deck of twenty-five cards was shuffled. One random card was drawn from the deck at a time and the test subject was asked to identify the hidden marking on the flip-side of the card. If the test subject correctly identified five out of twenty five cards correctly, it was considered pure chance.(Encarta) Rhine and his associates concluded that if the individual named six out of ten of the cards correctly, then indeed the test subject possessed extra sensory perception.(Encarta) From his experimentally proved evidence, it can easily be seen which stand Rhine took on the controversial existence of ESP. However, not all scientists had acknowledged the authenticity of his trials and the legitimacy of this branch of pseudo-science called parapsychology. Certain scientists do not believe in the reality of extrasensory perception due to their lack of faith in the experiments that test it's existence. These scientists claim that the ESP experiments are hard to if not impossible to repeat.(Encarta) In researching, scientists also observed that test results differ according to the subject's attitude. Individual's that had biased opinions of the ESP testing did not score nearly as high as those who were open-minded toward the experiment. (Schmeidler 805) Psychologists analyzing the testing methods concluded that the subjects who doubted the credibility of extrasensory perception were consciously trying to succeed in the testing, but could have been unconsciously wanting to fail.(Schmeidler 805) This is an example of what scientists call the "file drawer" effect. This is better explained by stating that the "...results that the experimenter likes are published, but other results stay buried in the files." This makes it hard to know if information given is accurate or falsely misinterpreted.(Schmeidler 806) This main recognition of possible false data is why the majority of conventional scientists disregard the findings made in the field of parapsychology. The discoveries are labeled unscientific or at best inconclusive. However, even if the most solid evidence is found to conclude that ESP does in fact exist, there will always be the skeptical scientist who will feel that the entire basis on which parapsychology is grounded is nothing but a fraud. Perfect examples of this ignorance are psychologists, Samuel Moss and Donald C. Butler. Both psychologists are set in denying the existence of ESP despite seemingly well-founded evidence. Their mutual view is that the widespread belief in extra sensory perception can be, "attributed to cultural and psychological factors."(Rubenstein,46) For example,

Man, the State and War by Kenneth Waltz

Man, the State and War by Kenneth Waltz Summary When reading the book Man, the State and War by Kenneth Waltz, the main driving thesis behind the book immediately presents itself in the form of a question which is: what is war?. Waltz answers this question by postulating the the origin of war comes from within man, the inherent structure of separate states and due to the very state system itself (Waltz, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Man, the State and War by Kenneth Waltz specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He refers to the aforementioned causes of war as images of international relations and views them from either a singular or collective perspective from which he ascertains how each image interacts with the other which ends up resulting in the occurrence of war. Waltz claims that it is this interaction between the various images which is the main cause of war due to variances in methods of thought, thinking, relations and other variables whic h create either positive or negative effects. It is at this point that Waltz attempts to analyze whether it is possible to create a world that is devoid of war or if war itself is an inherent aspect of mankind which will never truly go away (Waltz, 2001). Upon further reading it can be seen that the ideas of Waltz are heavily influenced by the ideas of realism and neo-realism wherein he states that the anarchic international system combined with self interested states (which is one of the claims of realism) actually prevents the creation of a peaceful global environment due to factors related to competition and mutual distrust. In the end Waltz states that the only method of resolving the current dilemma of war is if a single world government was to be created which addresses the individual concerns of each state. Unfortunately such a situation requires each state to give up their much vaunted sovereignty which would be highly unlikely resulting in peace being applicable in theory h owever being unattainable in practice (Waltz, 2001). Examination of the Veracity of the Sources Utilized When going through the entirety of the text it can be seen that Waltz synthesized the views of Hobbes, Mills, Rosseau, Kant, Spinoza, Kant, Smith and a variety of other known experts in the field of international relations in order to formulate the arguments present within his book. The sheer amount of views and in-text lifting from other authors lends the work a certain degree of veracity in terms of the accuracy of the arguments and how they conform to current methods of thinking regarding the current state of conflict within international relations and its origins. As such, in terms of its use of sources I find that there are no problems whatsoever.Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critique of the Text The main strength of the work of Walsh comes from it s use of prolific body of historical knowledge and thoughts from various experts in international relations tht formed the foundation of his work. Yet, despite this abundance of literature it must be noted that Waltz fails to think out of the box so to speak when it comes to examining the causes of war and instead single mindedly focuses on the images of international relations that he had brought up at the start of the text as the main causes of war. There are other factors that he neglected to take into consideration such as religion (which was why the historic crusades were started and one of the contributing factors behind the ongoing conflict between Israel and several Arab states), ethnicities (as seen in the current ethnic conflict between Sunni and Shiite Muslims which has led to various uprisings in the Middle East), economic factors (as seen in the case between the U.S. and Japan when the U.S. cut of supplies of much needed resources to Japan which sparked the bombing of P earl Harbor and brought the U.S. into the Pacific theater), historic alliances (seen in the case of World War 1 wherein the balance of power system and historic alliances in effect brought numerous nations into the war) (Vassalo, 2003). Lastly, the fight for resources has been an ongoing theme within human history which Walsh neglected to elaborate on yet has been growing in relevancy due to factors related to growing population rates, global warming and an assortment of other factors which has further exacerbated this growing point of contention (Betts, 1999). Furthermore it must be noted that Walsh had a habit of framing the motivation of man in relatively black and white nature (i.e. good or evil) which is an over implication of how people thinking and act. While the book itself is great basis from which one can learn about the origins and causes of war, it focuses too much on the various arguments of historical thinkers without sufficiently examining other factors which influenc e the start of wars. Conclusion Overall, it can be stated that the work of Waltz is a great attempt at explaining the origin of war yet, based on the critique of the text, it can be seen that the concept of war is too broad to be defined within the parameters defined by Walsh and constitute far more factors than what was elaborated on. Reference List Betts, R. K. 1999. Must War Find a Way?. International Security, 24(2), 166-198. Vassalo, A. W. 2003. Man, the state and war: A Theoretical Analysis (Book). Military Review, 83(1), 68.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Man, the State and War by Kenneth Waltz specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Waltz, K. 2001. Man, the state, and war: A theoretical analysis. (pp. 1-284). New York: Columbia Press.

Critically discuss why the teachings of the Quality Gurus are Essay

Critically discuss why the teachings of the Quality Gurus are important - Essay Example Quality gurus have played a considerable role in setting the dimensions of success for all companies and organizations. It is due to the teachings of quality gurus that the companies pay special attention towards improving and maintaining quality of the products and services. The mutual belief of all quality gurus was that quality management is a continuous process, which helps the companies build and maintain profitable relationships with the customers. Some of most famous quality gurus include Armand Feigenbaum, Edwards Deming, Philip Crosby, Kaoru Ishikawa, Genichi Taguchi, and Masaaki Imai. All of these gurus brought different concepts of quality which not only helped the companies achieve competitive advantage in the past but also provide appropriate directions towards success to the companies belonging to the present world. We can take example of Masaaki Imai who came up with the concept of Kaizen in 1986, which led Japan’s way to huge success in the field of technologic al development. Kaizen is an umbrella, which includes all Japanese practices related to quality management. Imai focused on continuous improvement in all departments of a company. One of the main teachings of all quality gurus was quality control, which means to ensure quality in all stages of a product development.

Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical thinking - Essay Example ude all the rich and diverse elements that employees believe they bring, or contribute, to the job – seniority, prior work experiences and job performance. Outcomes are the rewards they perceive they get from their jobs and employers; outcomes include direct pay and bonuses, fringe benefits, job security and economic rewards. Employees analyze the fairness of their own outcome/input â€Å"contract†, and then compare their contract with contracts of other workers in similar jobs and even with those outside their job. Fairness of rewards (equity) may even be judged in comparison with relative criteria such as gender. Pay was a symbolic scorecard by which an employee may compare his/her outcomes with his/her inputs. An employees’ reaction may be one of the three combinations that can occur from social and pay comparisons – equity, overreward and underreward. If employees perceive equity, they will be motivated to continue to contribute at about the same level. Otherwise, under conditions of inequity, they will experience tension that will create the motivation to reduce the inequity. In the event of social and cultural changes, men and women are no longer limited by the societal expectations that only men should work for the family while women will stay home and take care of the children. The increasing presence of women in the workforce is very essential although some still believe that the hard work of women are being undervalued when it comes to the comparison between wages of men and women with the same occupation. This pay gap is an occurrence that cannot be simply ignored. Statistics from the European Union shows women in Europe get better grades in school compared to men but once they are already part of the workforce European women receive lower pay and lower chances of being promoted to top positions. Aside from compensation and remuneration, the stability of the jobs available for women is also at risk. Another research from the European Union