Funding Accommodation for NHS Service Users

Funding Accommodation for NHS Service exploitersThe implications of providing and/or funding allowance for service users chthonic the NHS and Community C ar play 1990 and Mental health Act 1983Community c be is wrought with conflicting duties, in the first instance solicituders in the community must preserve life and dignity further also fulfill the wishes of the guest.1 In respect to health and fearfulness management in the mentally ill there is various legal, moral and social implications for c arers and the topical anesthetic authorities. The main question is whether the client should be moved from hospital to community care, because of their inability to care for themselves and the lack of serve and accommodation.2 In addition the reduction of be on the state to have a fleet of 24/7 on calls aftercare function and the cost of providing singular lodgment3. Detention in spite of appearance a hospital unit is the biggest breach of human one, because the freedom o f the unmarried has been taken away. In addition this may be the only avenue when the mentally infirm client refuses to take their medications and are unable to care for themselves and need 24/7 care, especially when there are no family members able to care for them because divergence them as the responsibility of the state. It is a difficult position that carers are in, but extra resources and education sufficient care in the community is possible.4 The chase news is going to explore the avocation that the local authorities hold to proffer sufficient aftercare service, carers and housing to vulnerable someones once they have left the hospital scene. It get out focus on the mentally ill, because there is a higher likelihood that housing and aftercare is needed for service users under constituent 117 of the Mental wellness Act 1983 (MHA). Prior to this a discussion of clasp and officeing under the MHA will be discussed to illustrate that their human dears may easily be b reached in the local anesthetic administration to put forward sufficient aftercare, so that the individual may be further detained in the hospital facility. chthonian particle 2 of the MHA an individual fanny be sectioned, which is detained for medical treatment on the grounds of mental illness, by an approved social pull iner or close family relative who is over 18. This means that the individuals human dear to liberty may be breached, therefore the law has to be certain that this right drive out be derogated in the fate. Under the 1983 Act the law requires that person sectioning the individual must have seen him in the last 14 geezerhood and this allows the individual to be detained for up to 28 days and the following admission procedure is adhered toTwo doctors must confirm that (a) the patient is suffering from a mental overturn of a nature or gradation that warrants detention in hospital for assessment (or assessment followed by medical treatment) for at least a limit ed period and (b) she or he ought to be detained in the interests of her or his own health or safety, or with a view to the protection of others.5As a fail safe to incorrect detentions under section 2 of the MHA the individual prat be released by the following individuals RMO hospital managers the nearest relative, who must give 72 hours notice. The RMO can prevent her or him discharging a patient by making a report to the hospital managers. Finally the MHRT. In addition The patient can apply to a tribunal within the first 14 days of detention. 6Therefore the law allows for the individual to be detained, but only if the person is honestly a threat to themselves and society, with mental illness it is highly that the person will be treated efficiently, but will need sufficient aftercare as mental health issues are usually long term. Under section 3 of the MHA it sets out the situation that the individual can be detained for otherwise the individual should be given their liberty and g iven sufficient outpatient or aftercare service. member 3(2) sets up three grounds that the individual can be detained for hospital treatment, which are(a) he is suffering from mental illness, severe mental impairment, psychopathic disorder or mental impairment and his mental disorder is of a nature or degree which makes it appropriate for him to begin medical treatment in a hospital and(b) in the case of psychopathic disorder or mental impairment, such treatment is likely to alleviate or prevent a harm of his condition and(c) it is necessary for the health or safety of the patient or for the protection of other persons that he should receive such treatment and it cannot be provided unless he is detained under this section.All three grounds must be satisfied to detain the individual in hospital, otherwise there will be a breach of the individuals right to liberty under the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA). If hospital treatment is not warranted an application for guardianship for over 16s can be made either by the Local leave or the person seeking guardianship again as this threatens the uprightness and the right to make ones own decisions that section 7(2) of the MHA states that the following two grounds must be complied with(a) he is suffering from mental disorder, universe mental illness, severe mental impairment, psychopathic disorder or mental impairment and his mental disorder is of a nature or degree which warrants his receipt into guardianship under this section and(b) it is necessary in the interests of the welfare of the patient or for the protection of, other persons that the patient should be so received.Therefore because the integrity of the individual is at threat and guardianship can include admission into hospital that the individual must be deemed as incapable for caring for themselves. The hard grounds stops the use of detention as a cheap option for Local government activity over sufficient aftercare service still an individual can get themselves admitted if they feel the need to be hospitalized for mental illness under section 131 of the MHA. In addition this act allows the individual to stop universe discharged from the hospital, because the individual feels safe in the surroundings. As this is voluntary and the patient can decide to leave at any time this is not a breach of Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) as enacted through the HRA. Prior to moving on the supplyings of Article 5 will be discussed as this is important to ensuring that the patient is discharged from forced detainment at the soonest possible moment and sufficient aftercare provided otherwise detainment could seen by the NHS and Local Authorities as a cost cutting measure to providing housing and aftercare services.Under Article 5(1)(e) it allows the detention of persons of unsound mind on the basis of licit detention and procedure is prescribed under domestic law. The definition of unsound mind was left to an evolvi ng definition in Winterwerp v Netherlands7 however detention can not be made merely on the basis that the individuals belief corpse and behaviour are deviate from the norm. The use of detention under 5(1)(e) can only be for self-protection or the protection of the public, whereby the detention should only occur when a medical disorder by an intention medical personnel the nature and degree of the disorder is significantly extreme and the detention is only as long as the medical disorder. In Ashingdane v UK8 it was added that detention can only occur in a hospital or appropriate medical institution. The only circumstances that these requirements are weakened are with respect to emergency admissions but the detention should be properly assessed and continued detention should cease if the person is not of unsound mind9. Detention is an important bulge out of mental health treatment and it is in these cases that treatment against ones wishes will occur. The state is required to provid e an adequate level of medical treatment, including psychiatric care.10 However, the patient should be released from detainment as soon as these grounds are no longer met as per section 16 of the MHA and sufficient aftercare service provided. This is an commonwealth of great concern when providing care in the area of the mentally infirm has always posed a difficult area for carers, doctors, nurses and human rights and consent is the cardinal problem, because where does the law draw the line for treatment and incarceration into supervised care against or without the patients will? In most normal circumstances no treatment can be performed without the patients consent however how does this work if the patient has been determined mentally incapable of making quick of scent decisions and therefore unable or unwilling to give consent. If a doctor has ordered that treatment should be made the question arises whether the nurse should still proceed, as it is in the best welfare of the pa tient or withhold treatment because the patient is unable or unwilling to give consent? Prior to the impersonation of the HRA the problem of consent was a lot less murky as rights were given on the basis that there was no law restricting them, i.e. gracious liberties. Therefore if parliament deemed that that rights such as consent for medical treatment should be restricted because of ones mental health this was justification enough, as parliament is supreme. The HRA changed this because a set of inherent rights were introduced which conflicted in cases with the will and supremacy of parliament, of which the right to a private life and the liberty and security of the person came to the caput of the debate of consent and mental health, i.e. the person has the control to determine what happens to their body and freedom and this is not determined by the wishes, albeit good of parliament and using detainment as a cost effective measure and not providing a sufficient aftercare service is a breach of Article 5. In addition it breaches the statutory vocation owed by the Local Authorities and the NHS under section 117 of the MHA and section 42 of the NHS and Community attending Act 1990 (NHSCCA). The following discussion is going to explore the tariff to provide aftercare and consider whether it is being met, especially in the light of R v Ealing District wellness Authority, ex parte Fox11 where it was held under section 117 of the MHA(1) that the authority has erred in law in not attempting with all reasonable expedition and diligence to make arrangements so as to enable the applicant to comply with the conditions imposed by the mental health review tribunal(2) that a district health authority is under a occupation under section 117 of the Mental wellness Act 1983 to provide aftercare services when patient leaves hospital, and acts unlawfully in failing to seek to make practical arrangements for after-care prior to that patients discharge from hospital where su ch arrangements are required by mental health review tribunal in order to enable the patient to be conditionally discharged from hospital.Therefore the following discussion will explore these duties to provide sufficient aftercare services. In the case of the NHSCCA the case law and provisions are an amalgamation of a series of preliminary community care provisions, therefore these will be discussed and indicated to their standing within this act.Community care law and the provision of accommodation and after care services were provided as a statutory duty National Assistance Act 1948 (NAA). The NAA abolished the Poor rectitudes and imposed a duty on Local Authorities under section 21 to provide housing on those who by reason, illness, disability or any other circumstances are in need of care and attention which was not otherwise available to them. The NHSCCA amends section 21 to include nursing mother but upholds this duty to provide accommodation to the ill. This accommodation m ust be given to the individual free of charge or the Local Authority must pay for it, as they are unable to work under section 44-45 of the NHSCCA and section 117 of the MHA. As the cases of R v Manchester CC ex parte Stennet12 R v Redcar and Cleveland BC ex parte Armstrong13 and R v plow LBC ex parte Cobham14 revealed that individuals that had been detained under section 3 and no longer fulfill these grounds must be provided sufficient aftercare services under section 117 of the MHA, sections 42-50 of the NHSCCA and the health Act 1999 (HlthA) section 5 this soon not be provided at a cost to the individual. Under the NAA section 22 this charging regime did exist however this was repealed in the NHSCCA.In addition the Local Authority and primeval Care Trust it is also under a duty to provide services that are inseparable to the aftercare of the individual. Under section 29 of the NAA it was limited to only promoting other welfare arrangements, which included information, instruc tion and recreation in and outside their homes. The wording to enkindle welfare services was the downfall of the NAA because there was no obligation for the LA to provide these services, i.e. the LA has a discretion rather than a duty to provide such services.15 However the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 (CSDPA) where the Local Authority were obliged to provide services, including education and recreation as well as sufficient adaptations to the home, access to holidays and meal provisions under section 2 of the CSPDA. This was confirmed in the case of R v Gloucestershire CC ex parte Barry16. air division 2 of the CSPDA has been called the finest community care statute17 the disabled or chronically ill person under the act has a right to these resources regardless of whether the Local Authority has the availability of them, they must be provided upon request. This supports and strengthens the section 21 of the NAA, now section 42 of the NHSCCA18 and section 2 of th e CSPDA. However, the NHSCCA sections 46-50 and section 117 of the MHA have enforced the obligation to provide aftercare services after being released from hospital without charge19. This was confirmed in the case of Clunis v Camden and Islington HA20. In addition the Local Authority must provide payments or grants to ensure that the individual can live comfortably once released from the hospital, this is more applicable to physically disabled individuals and is confirmed under section 46-50 of the NHSCCA, for example section 47 determines the extent of aftercare services that the individual requires(1)Subject to subsections (5) and (6) below, where it appears to a local authority that any person for whom they may provide or arrange for the provision of community care services may be in need of any such services, the authority(a)shall carry out an assessment of his needs for those services and(b)having regard to the results of that assessment, shall then decide whether his needs cal l for the provision by them of any such services.These services and the extent that they are provided are contained in a variety of acts, for example if the person requires adaptations to their home the Local Authority is under a duty to provide a grant if the individual cannot afford it. This right is saved under section 23 and 24 of the trapping Grants, Construction Regeneration Act 1996 (HGCRA). Section 23 and 24 imposes an obligation in the LA to make grants to make the necessary adaptations to their home, which is confirmed in the case of R v Birmingham CC ex parte Taj Mohammed21. If the individual needs to be housed in a special nursing home then the Local Authority is either entitled to provide the service or pay the registered nursing home for their services. This is protected under section 46 of the NHSCCA. This service should be provided efficiently and immediately and as with the Fox Case this should not be prolonged detention within a hospital. Section 50 of the NHSCCA provides the duty and guidelines for these provisions and failure to do so will result in the investigation of the Local Authority.Section 50 of the NHSCCA has tried to deal with the problems with the current care framework, which is that although healthcare is free community care and carers provisions cost the individual who needs the aid. The individual has a right for community care to be provided, but in a lot of circumstances the receipt of funds to pay or the provision of the service can be delay due to the Local Authorities and primeval Care Trusts fighting over who should foot the bill. This controversy has been risen in R (T) v Hackney22 but has not been sufficiently resolved rather the most appropriate authority must provide the care. Therefore section 50 (7)(e) states thatThe Secretary of rural area may, with the approval of the Treasury, make grants out of money provided by Parliament towards any expenses of local authorities incurred in connection with the exercise o f their social services functions in relation to persons suffering from mental illness.The problem with this is that it does not provide grants for the physically disabled, which means for these individuals aftercare services will continue to be delayed to arguments over who will be paying the bill for the cost. In respect to housing this is the duty of the Local Authority and either housing should be straightway provided or payment to a housing association or private landlord should be made. The other avenue that the Local Authority has is that the individual can receive direct payments for aftercare under the Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1998 (CCDPA) renamed the Health and Social Care Act 2001 (HSCA). The individual with this money can pay their housing and lease an pay an appropriate carer and aftercare services. To be eligible the carer and aftercare service must be sufficiently educated to deal with the individuals needs. In limited and transcendent circumstances a f amily member can be paid carers allowance, but it must be sufficiently illustrated that this individual can meet the individuals needs as per the Direct Payments Regulations 2003 Regulation 6. If the individual is unable to deal with their own care payments then the Local Authority must provide an government agency that can deal with the aid of community care payments to be made to the carer. Under English law these agencies are called Independent User Trusts that provide the payments services for either the Local Authority or the Primary Care Trust, as supported by the cases of A v B v East Sussex.23 This system means that the aftercare services and payments are NOT being directly paid therefore this leaves the possibility that the individual will use the money for other purposes and therefore the aftercare has to be provided at extra cost to the Local Authority, because there is a duty to provide under section 117 of the MHA sections 42-50 of the NHSCCA and section 5 of the HlthA . On the firm Local Authorities do not promote the use of Direct Payments because of the limitations of not aiding mental health service users and the extra expense of the Independent User Trusts. The Local Authority is under no duty to provide Direct Payments or information about then, just the services and care that are a duty therefore the Local Authority is more likely to provide direct care services rather than payment. This is why in respect to housing the Local Authority is more likely to provide housing in housing trusts and make the payments directly to these entities, as council owned properties are less available. The duty to provide accommodation is also cemented in the Housing Act 1996 (HA), which has obligated special duties for Local Authority to provide housing in the rental celestial sphere for vulnerable adults, which includes those that come under section 117 of the MHA and sections 42-45 of the NHSCCA.There are still problems with effective community care, beca use as the Fox Case and the Stennet, Armstrong and Cobham Cases illustrated is that Local Authorities and Primary Care Trusts do not want to foot the bill for aftercare services. In the Fox Case continued hospitalization was argued for because it was cost effective, but as section 117 of the MHA states that if the individual is no longer detainable under section 3 and does not voluntarily remain under section 131 then release must occur. This duty to release and provision of sufficient community care is argued the best method for the mentally infirm and disabled.24 Gitlin Cocoran25 argue that the main health concerns are that of safety when transaction with dementia (as with other mental illnesses and the physically disabled) living at home alone or with family members and all that is needed are specific modifications to the physical environment to address these issues, and guiding principles for implementing environmental changes. This is provided under the NHSCCA, MHA and grants are available under the HGCRA, therefore there is no excuse that the individual cannot receive community care when hospitalization is not necessary. This has extra costs to the state, as the Fox Case illsustrates, in re-education and in cases of non-affordability of the adaptations however it is usually easier and more cost-efficient to hospitalize the client but it is necessary so a breach of the clients human rights. Finally, studies such as Richards et al26 and Schneider et al27 argue that care of dementia is a frequently higher standard when within the community, because it reduces depression and gives a higher quality of life. As Barnett argues the individual should have a say in the caring system and forced hospitalization should only occur if section 3 of the MHA is fulfilled.28 The law under the MHA, HlthA, NHSCCA and the HGCRA has made it a duty to the Local Authority that community resources should be made available therefore making hospitalization unreasonable and a bre ach of human rights29 however as the Fox Case has illustrated the Local Authorities will still attempt to dismiss this duty under the guise of necessary detention under the MHA or as with the Stennet, Armstrong and Cobham Cases charge the individual for their provision.30 However, as these cases have enforced there is no charge and their provision is a duty at no charge and better cohesion between Primary Care Trusts and Local Authorities needs to occur to stop the passing of the bill from one agency to another, whilst the individual is either unfairly detained or without these essential servicesJoint policies between PCTs/health authorities and social services are to be agreed to ensure the duty is met (HSC 2000/003). 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